Since Taylor's ( 2001) specification of the interlocking world city network model (IWCNM), it has become the most widely used empirical model of the world city network (WCN). We have to deploy the strategy of employing indirect measures because measuring actual business flows in our research on global inter‐city relations is simply impossible (Taylor and Derudder 2016, 38). We demonstrate it using a global sample of 161,114 investment bank syndicates in the 2000–2015 period. We argue for IOPA's construct validity as an empirical model of the WCN and offer empirical evidence for its structural validity. We call this the inter‐organizational project approach (IOPA). In the spirit of no deconstruction without reconstruction, we then develop an alternative empirical model of the WCN, based on directly observable relational ties among APS firms, which are formed through co‐production of complex services. We analyze the link between the theoretical construct of intercity business flows and network projections obtained from office location data and uncover evidence that calls into question the validity of OLAs as empirical models of the WCN. To advance the dialogue about how to improve on existing empirical models of the WCN, we examine the content, construct and structural validity of OLAs. Despite numerous methodological improvements, they continue to rely on a legacy of using data on office locations of firms to indirectly estimate intercity business flows. The interlocking world city network model and other office location approaches (OLAs) have become the most widely used empirical models of the world city network (WCN).
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